DNA Onderzoek.


In oktober 2005 heb ik DNA afgestaan, via dit DNA kunnen we in de toekomst de familiestamboom van andere Sandersen wellicht aan elkaar plakken (als er dus een match blijkt te zijn). Dit omdat er bv. stukken in het archief kwijt zijn of door andere redenen en we dus zo geen linken meer kunnen leggen. Het bedrijf in de US is speciaal opgericht voor dit soort onderzoeken en haalt uit ons DNA max. 37 match punten (bij de heren, echter bij de dames is dit minder). En vergelijkt dit met andere beschikbare DNA's van Sandersen.
Dus stel dat wij een ander persoon hebben gevonden waarvan wij denken dat het een Sanders is maar NIET met 100% vast kunnen stellen (via archief etc) of deze inderdaad ook bij onze familiestamboom hoort. Dan kunnen wij via DNA onderzoek kijken of er wel een match te maken valt.

Meer informatie omtrent dit bedrijf vindt u op de volgende site FamilyTreeDNA

Ook heb ik mijn DNA laten ondezoeken op de "Haplogroup"    Hiermee kunnen we nagaan waar of vanuit welke richting we zijn gekomen. Hieruit is gekomen dat ik onder de Haplogroep J2F1 val. De J2 heeft zijn oorsprong uit de M172 die weer terug te voeren is naar de M168 groep. Deze laatste groep kan terug gevoerd worden naar 1 persoon namelijk de "Eurasian Adam" Deze Afrikaanse man leefde 31.000 tot 79.000 jaar geleden en is de hoofd anchor van ieder niet-Afrikaans persoon die vandaag de dag leeft zijn afstammelingen vertrokken vanuit Afrika en werden de enige levende lijn vanuit Afrika.

Deze afstammelingen kwamen via het midden oosten z'n 45.000 jaar geleden alwaar de M168 veranderde in de groep M68 en hiervan een kleine groep zich splitste die op hun beurt weer via de Balkan veranderde in de M172 dit is ongeveer 10.000 tot 15.000 jaar gelden. Deze personen waren allemaal boeren gedurende de periode die we Neolithic Revolution noemen. Als succesvollen boeren pionierde ze later als moderne goed ontwikkelde groepen mensen die in steden gingen wonen .
Vandaag de dag vinden we de M172 terug in Noord Afrika (dit was de andere groep die zich splitste van de M68), Midden Oosten en Zuid Europa. In zuid Italië is de concentratie zelfs 20 procent en in Spanje 10 procent van de bevolking (lees alles onderaan).

Dit alles kunt terug vinden op de site van http://www.genographic.com

Via de andere DNA gegevens (de 37 markers) is de grote database vergeleken met die van mijn DNA gegevens echter is hierin slechts 1 match gevonden.
Ik heb deze persoon benaderd echter kon hij slechts terug in d tijd tot 1640 Frankrijk alwaar zijn eerste anchor vandaan kwam, terwijl ik met mijn gegevens al in 1478 nog steeds in Nederland zit. EN gezien op de bovenstaande gegevens lijkt het me waarschijnlijk dat we vanuit Italie/Spanje naar boven zijn gegaan dus door Frankrijk en niet vanuit Nederland terug naar Frankrijk. Dus zullen we wel ergens voor die tijd bij elkaar komen.


Het Project van National Genographic;


Your Y-chromosome results identify you as a member of haplogroup J2.
The genetic markers that define your ancestral history reach back roughly 60,000 years to the first common marker of all non-African men, M168, and follow your lineage to present day, ending with M172, the defining marker of haplogroup J2.

If you look at the map highlighting your ancestors' route, you will see that members of haplogroup J2 carry the following Y-chromosome markers:

M168 > M89 > M304 > M172

Today, descendants of this line appear in the highest frequencies in the Middle East, North Africa, and Ethiopia, and at a much lower frequency in Europe, where it is observed exclusively in the Mediterranean area. Approximately 20 percent of the males in southern Italy carry the marker, along with ten percent of men in southern Spain.

What's a haplogroup, and why do geneticists concentrate on the Y-chromosome in their search for markers? For that matter, what's a marker?

Each of us carries DNA that is a combination of genes passed from both our mother and father, giving us traits that range from eye color and height to athleticism and disease susceptibility. One exception is the Y-chromosome, which is passed directly from father to son, unchanged, from generation to generation.

Unchanged, that is unless a mutation—a random, naturally occurring, usually harmless change—occurs. The mutation, known as a marker, acts as a beacon; it can be mapped through generations because it will be passed down from the man in whom it occurred to his sons, their sons, and every male in his family for thousands of years.

In some instances there may be more than one mutational event that defines a particular branch on the tree. What this means is that any of these markers can be used to determine your particular haplogroup, since every individual who has one of these markers also has the others.

When geneticists identify such a marker, they try to figure out when it first occurred, and in which geographic region of the world. Each marker is essentially the beginning of a new lineage on the family tree of the human race. Tracking the lineages provides a picture of how small tribes of modern humans in Africa tens of thousands of years ago diversified and spread to populate the world.

A haplogroup is defined by a series of markers that are shared by other men who carry the same random mutations. The markers trace the path your ancestors took as they moved out of Africa. It's difficult to know how many men worldwide belong to any particular haplogroup, or even how many haplogroups there are, because scientists simply don't have enough data yet.

One of the goals of the five-year Genographic Project is to build a large enough database of anthropological genetic data to answer some of these questions. To achieve this, project team members are traveling to all corners of the world to collect more than 100,000 DNA samples from indigenous populations. In addition, we encourage you to contribute your anonymous results to the project database, helping our geneticists reveal more of the answers to our ancient past.

Keep checking these pages; as more information is received, more may be learned about your own genetic history.

Your Ancestral Journey: What We Know Now

M168: Your Earliest Ancestor

Fast Facts
Time of Emergence: Roughly 50,000 years ago
Place of Origin: Africa
Climate: Temporary retreat of Ice Age; Africa moves from drought to warmer temperatures and moister conditions
Estimated Number of Homo sapiens: Approximately 10,000

Tools and Skills: Stone tools; earliest evidence of art and advanced conceptual skills

Skeletal and archaeological evidence suggest that anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago, and began moving out of Africa to colonize the rest of the world around 60,000 years ago.

The man who gave rise to the first genetic marker in your lineage probably lived in northeast Africa in the region of the Rift Valley, perhaps in present-day Ethiopia, Kenya, or Tanzania, some 31,000 to 79,000 years ago. Scientists put the most likely date for when he lived at around 50,000 years ago. His descendants became the only lineage to survive outside of Africa, making him the common ancestor of every non-African man living today.

But why would man have first ventured out of the familiar African hunting grounds and into unexplored lands? It is likely that a fluctuation in climate may have provided the impetus for your ancestors' exodus out of Africa.

The African ice age was characterized by drought rather than by cold. It was around 50,000 years ago that the ice sheets of northern Europe began to melt, introducing a period of warmer temperatures and moister climate in Africa. Parts of the inhospitable Sahara briefly became habitable. As the drought-ridden desert changed to a savanna, the animals hunted by your ancestors expanded their range and began moving through the newly emerging green corridor of grasslands. Your nomadic ancestors followed the good weather and the animals they hunted, although the exact route they followed remains to be determined.

In addition to a favorable change in climate, around this same time there was a great leap forward in modern humans' intellectual capacity. Many scientists believe that the emergence of language gave us a huge advantage over other early human species. Improved tools and weapons, the ability to plan ahead and cooperate with one another, and an increased capacity to exploit resources in ways we hadn't been able to earlier, all allowed modern humans to rapidly migrate to new territories, exploit new resources, and replace other hominids.

M89: Moving Through the Middle East

Fast Facts
Time of Emergence: 45,000 years ago
Place: Northern Africa or the Middle East
Climate: Middle East: Semi-arid grass plains
Estimated Number of Homo sapiens: Tens of thousands

Tools and Skills: Stone, ivory, wood tools

The next male ancestor in your ancestral lineage is the man who gave rise to M89, a marker found in 90 to 95 percent of all non-Africans. This man was born around 45,000 years ago in northern Africa or the Middle East.

The first people to leave Africa likely followed a coastal route that eventually ended in Australia. Your ancestors followed the expanding grasslands and plentiful game to the Middle East and beyond, and were part of the second great wave of migration out of Africa.

Beginning about 40,000 years ago, the climate shifted once again and became colder and more arid. Drought hit Africa and the grasslands reverted to desert, and for the next 20,000 years, the Saharan Gateway was effectively closed. With the desert impassable, your ancestors had two options: remain in the Middle East, or move on. Retreat back to the home continent was not an option.

While many of the descendants of M89 remained in the Middle East, others continued to follow the great herds of buffalo, antelope, woolly mammoths, and other game through what is now modern-day Iran to the vast steppes of Central Asia.

These semi-arid grass-covered plains formed an ancient "superhighway" stretching from eastern France to Korea. Your ancestors, having migrated north out of Africa into the Middle East, then traveled both east and west along this Central Asian superhighway. A smaller group continued moving north from the Middle East to Anatolia and the Balkans, trading familiar grasslands for forests and high country.

M304: The Spread of Agriculture

Fast Facts
Time of Emergence:15,000 to 10,000 years ago
Place of origin: Fertile Crescent
Climate: Ice Age ending
Estimated Number of Homo sapiens: Millions
Language: Unknown—earliest evidence of modern language families

Tools and Skills: Neolithic Revolution

The patriarch of haplogroup J2 was a descendant of the M89 Middle Eastern Clan. He was born between 15,000 to 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, a region that extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf where the Euphrates and Tigris rivers form an extremely rich floodplain. Today the region includes all or part of Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq.

The descendants of this man played a crucial role in modern human development. They pioneered the first Neolithic Revolution, the point at which humans changed from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agriculturists. The end of the last ice age around 10,000 years ago, and the subsequent shift in climate to one more conducive to plant production, probably helped spur the discovery of how to grow food.

Control over their food supply marks a major turning point for the human species: the beginning of civilization. Occupying a single territory required more complex social organization, moving from the kinship ties of a small tribe to the more elaborate relations of a larger community. It spurred trade, writing, and calendars, and pioneered the rise of modern sedentary communities and cities.

The M304 marker appears at its highest frequencies in the Middle East, North Africa, and Ethiopia. In Europe, it is seen only in the Mediterranean region.

An important subgroup of haplogroup J includes the descendants of another man from the M89 Middle Eastern Clan born in the Fertile Crescent at about the same time, carrying the marker M172. This related haplogroup is called J2.

The early farming successes of these lineages spawned population booms and encouraged migration throughout much of the Mediterranean world.

M172: Toward the Mediterranean

Fast Facts
Time of Emergence: 10,000 years ago
Place of Origin: Fertile Crescent
Climate: Ice Age ending
Estimated Number of Homo sapiens: A few million
Language: Unknown

Tools and Skills: Neolithic

Your ancestors left a physical footprint that matches their genetic journey. Artifacts from ancient towns such as Jericho, also known as Tell el-Sultan, a site close to present day Jerusalem, provide evidence of permanent human settlements to around 8500 B.C. The sites also suggest the transition from hunter-gatherer to settled life occurred relatively suddenly.

The M172 marker defines a major subset of haplogroup J, which arose from the M89 lineage. It is found today in North Africa, the Middle East, and southern Europe. In southern Italy it occurs at frequencies of 20 percent, and in southern Spain, 10 percent of the population carries this marker. Both haplogroup J and its subgroup J2 are found at a combined frequency of around 30 percent amongst Jewish individuals.

This is where your genetic trail, as we know it today ends.

Ik hou u op de hoogte mochten er zich op dit gebied zich meer ontwikkelen.

Will